NAD+

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is a fundamental coenzyme found in all living cells. NAD+ is an essential component of core cellular machinery, critical for metabolism and the maintenance of cellular health.

It plays a dual role in biological processes. First, as a key component in redox reactions, it is central to metabolism, acting as an electron carrier (cycling between its oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH forms) to convert nutrients into cellular energy (ATP). Second, it serves as a consumed substrate for several crucial enzyme families. These include Sirtuins, which regulate cellular health, longevity, and DNA repair, and PARPs (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases), which are central to DNA damage detection and repair.

Intracellular levels of NAD+ are known to decline progressively with age, a decrease that is correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of various age-related conditions. Consequently, supplementation with direct NAD+ precursors, such as Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), is a major area of scientific research investigating their potential to restore cellular NAD+ levels and support healthy aging.